单晶衬底通常因其制造工艺而异。从历史上看,直拉 (Cz)1 硅片一直是最常用的硅片类型。其被太阳能和集成电路行业使用。通过直拉法制造大型单晶硅锭的过程如下所示。在制造 Cz 衬底时使用石英坩埚会导致硅锭中掺入 ppm (1018 cm-3) 的氧。氧本身相对温和,但会与硼掺杂形成配合物,从而降低载流子寿命。2,3用磷掺杂剂制造的 N 型晶锭具有相似的氧浓度,但没有表现出退化效应,具有较低电阻率或镓掺杂剂的硅片也没有表现出这种效应。4
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