Christiana Honsberg
and Stuart Bowden
- Instructions
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Properties of Sunlight
- Basics of Light
- Properties of Light
- Energy of a Photon
- Photon Flux
- Spectral Irradiance
- Radiant Power Density
- Blackbody Radiation
- Blackbody Radiation
- Solar Radiation
- The Sun
- Solar Radiation in Space
- Solar Radiation Outside the Earth's Atmosphere
- Terrestrial Solar Radiation
- Solar Radiation at the Earth's Surface
- Atmospheric Effects
- Air Mass
- Motion of the Sun
- Solar Time
- Declination Angle
- Elevation Angle
- Azimuth Angle
- The Sun's Position
- Sun Position Calculator
- Sun's Position to High Accuracy
- Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface
- Arbitrary Orientation and Tilt
- Calculation of Solar Insolation
- Solar Radiation Data
- Measurement of Solar Radiation
- Analysis of Solar Irradiance Data Sets
- Typical Meteorological Year Data (TMY)
- Making Use of TMY Data
- Average Solar Radiation
- Isoflux Contour Plots
- Sunshine Hour Data
- Cloud Cover Data
- Chapter 2 Quiz
- 3. PN Junction
- Introduction
- Basics
- Semiconductor Materials
- Semiconductor Structure
- Conduction in Semiconductors
- Band Gap
- Intrinsic Carrier Concentration
- Doping
- Equilibrium Carrier Concentration
- Generation
- Absorption of Light
- Absorption Coefficient
- Absorption Depth
- Generation Rate
- Recombination
- Types of Recombination
- Lifetime
- Diffusion Length
- Surface Recombination
- Carrier Transport
- Movement of Carriers in Semiconductors
- Diffusion
- Drift
- P-n Junctions
- Formation of P-N Junction
- P-N Junction Diodes
- Bias of PN Junctions
- Diode Equation
- Diode Equations for PV
- Basic Equations
- Applying the Above Equations to a PN Junction
- Solving for Region With Electric Field
- Solving for Quasi Neutral Regions
- Finding Total Current
- Wide Base Diode
- Narrow Base Diode
- Example 3
- Summary
- Test yourself
- Quiz 3. PN Junction
- test page
- Chapter 3 Quiz
- 4. Solar Cell Operation
- Ideal Solar Cells
- Solar Cell Structure
- Light Generated Current
- Collection Probability
- Quantum Efficiency
- Spectral Response
- The Photovoltaic Effect
- Solar Cell Parameters
- IV Curve
- Short-Circuit Current
- Open-Circuit Voltage
- Fill Factor
- Efficiency
- Detailed Balance
- Tandem Cells
- Resistive Effects
- Characteristic Resistance
- Effect of Parasitic Resistances
- Series Resistance
- Shunt Resistance
- Impact of Both Series and Shunt Resistance
- Other Effects
- Effect of Temperature
- Effect of Light Intensity
- Ideality Factor
- Full Cell Simulator
- 5. Design of Silicon Cells
- Solar Cell Design Principles
- Optical Properties
- Optical Losses
- Anti-Reflection Coatings
- Anti-Reflection Coatings 2
- Surface Texturing
- Material Thickness
- Light Trapping
- Lambertian Rear Reflectors
- Reducing Recombination
- Recombination Losses
- Current Losses Due to Recombination
- Voltage Losses due to Recombination
- Surface Recombination
- Top Contact Design
- Series Resistance
- Base Resistance
- Sheet resistivity
- Emitter Resistance
- Contact resistance
- Finger Resistance
- Optimisation of Finger Spacing
- Metal Grid Pattern
- Solar Cell Structure
- Silicon Solar Cell Parameters
- Efficiency and Solar Cell Cost
- 6. Manufacturing Si Cells
- First Photovoltaic Devices
- Early Silicon Solar Cells
- Silicon Wafers and Substrates
- Refining Silicon
- Types of Silicon
- Single Crystalline Silicon
- Czochralski Silicon
- Float Zone Silicon
- Multicrystalline Silicon
- Wafer Slicing
- Other Wafering Techniques
- Processing Technologies
- Solid State Diffusion
- Cell Fabrication Technologies
- Screen-printed Solar Cells
- Buried Contact Solar Cells
- High Efficiency Solar Cells
- Rear Contact Solar Cells
- Solar Cell Production Line
- Introduction
- Source Material
- Growing Ingots
- Sawing the Ingot into Bricks
- Wafer Slicing
- Texturing
- Emitter Diffusion
- Edge Isolation
- Anti-Reflection Coating
- Screen-Print Front
- Screen-Print Rear Aluminium
- Screen-Print Rear Silver
- Firing
- Testing
- Module
- 7. Modules and Arrays
- Introduction
- Module Design
- Module Structure
- Module Materials
- Packing Density
- Interconnection Effects
- Module Circuit Design
- Mismatch Effects
- Mismatch for Cells Connected in Series
- Shading
- Hot-Spot Heating
- Bypass Diodes
- Mismatch for Cells Connected in Parallel
- Mismatch Effects in Arrays
- Temperature Effects
- PV Module Temperature
- Heat Generation in PV Modules
- Heat Loss in PV Modules
- Nominal Operating Cell Temperature
- Thermal Expansion and Thermal Stresses
- Other Considerations
- Electrical and Mechanical Insulation
- Lifetime of PV Modules
- Degradation and Failure Modes
- 8. Characterisation
- Introduction
- Measurement of Cell Efficiency
- Measurement of Solar Cell Efficiency
- Illumination Sources
- Temperature Control
- Probing
- Electronics
- Other IV Measurements
- Dark IV Measurements
- Jsc-Voc and Suns-Voc
- IV Characterisation
- Measurement of Series Resistance
- Double Diode Model
- Measuring Ideality Factor
- Optical Characterisation
- Reflectance
- Spectral Responce
- Laser Beam Induced Current
- Lifetime
- Carrier Lifetime
- Bulk Lifetime
- Surface Recombination
- Transient Measurements
- Quasi-Steady-State Lifetime Measurements
- General Lifetime Measurements
- Effect of trapping on lifetime measurements
- Sinton Lifetime Tester
- Luminescence
- Electroluminescence
- Simulation
- Introduction to Simulation
- PC1D
- Tandem Calculations
- 2D Modeling
- Other Techniques
- SEM and EBIC
- Four Point Probe
- Appendicies
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